In Young's double-slit experiment dD = 10-4 (d = distance between slits, D = distance of screen from slits). At a point P on the screen resulting intensity is equal to the intensity due to individual slit I0. Find the distance of point P from the central maximum. (λ = 6000Å).

Given,
Ratio of slit width to distance between the screen and slit, dD = 10-4 
Wavelength of the light source, λ = 6000 Ao 
and also, 
Resultant intensity is equal to the intensity due to individual slit Io

This implies, 
                 I = 4I0 cos 2(ϕ/2) 

i.e.,          I0 = 4I0 cos2(ϕ/2) 

            cos(ϕ/2) = 1/2 

                  ϕ/2 = π/3 or, 

                          ϕ = 2π3
and,
Relation between phase difference and path difference is,
                         ϕ = 2πλ. x 

or,                  2π3 = 2πλydD        x = ydD
                      Y = λ3 × d/D

                     γ = 6 × 10-73 × 10-4   = 2 × 10-3m 

                         γ = 2 mm. 

Therefore, the distance of point P (on the screen) from the central maximum is 2 mm .
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What is Brewster's angle? When an unpolarized light is incident on a plane glass surface, what should be the angle of incidence so that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?

Brewster's angle:
Ordinary light, when allowed to undergo refraction, the partially reflected light gets partially plane polarized. However, there is an angle of incidence, at which an ordinary light undergoes refraction as well as reflection (partial) and then the partially reflected ray is richly plane polarized. Such an angle is known as polarizing angle or Brewster's angle. It is denoted by ip.
Light can be polarized by reflecting it from a transparent medium. The extent of polarization depends on the angle of incident. At a particular angle of incidence, called Brewster's angle, the reflected light is completely polarized as shown in the diagram below:

Brewster's angle:Ordinary light, when allowed to undergo refraction,


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What are polaroids? How are they used to demonstrate that (i) light waves are transverse in nature, (ii) if an unpolarized light wave is incident then light waves will get linearly polarized?

Polaroid is a thin and large sheet made of crystalline polarizing material which is used to produces plane polarized beam of light. 

(i) Polaroids can be used to demonstrate the transverse nature of light waves.

  • The electric field, associated with propagation of light waves is always perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
  • If a light wave is incident on the polaroid, the electric vectors assosciated with the propagating wave, along the direction of the aligned molecules get absorbed. 

(ii) If an unpolarized light wave is incident on a polaroid then, the the light wave will get linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction perpendicular to the aligned molecules.

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Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm, 596 nm are used, in turn, to study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2 × 10-6 m. The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the position of first maximum of the diffraction pattern obtained in the two cases. 


Wavelength of first sodium line, λ1 = 590 nm
Wavelength of second sodium line, λ2 = 596 nm
Aperture or width of single slit, d =  2 × 10-6 m
Distance between the slit and the screen , D = 1.5 m

Separation between the first secondary maximum in the two cases is,

                       x2-x1 = 322d-321d

                  x2-x1 = 3D2d(λ2-λ1) 

x2-x1 = 3 × 1.52 × 2 × 10-6 (596 × 10-9 - 590 × 10-9)

                  x2-x1 = 3 × 1.5 × 6 × 10-34 

                                 = 6.75 × 10-3m = 6.75 mm.
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Why is interference pattern not detected, when two coherent sources are far apart?
In Young’s experiment, the width of the fringes obtained with light of wavelength 6000 Å is 2.0 mm. Calculate the fringe width if the entire apparatus is immersed in a liquid medium of refractive index 1.33.    


The fringe width will be very small (almost negligible) and fringes will not be separately visible if the separation between the two coherent sources is large.

Given, 
Fringe width, β = 2 mm 
Wavelength of light used, λ = 6000 Ao 

Formula for fringe width in air,   β = d 

Fringe width in liquid is, β' = Dλ'd = Dλdμ

Refractive index of the medium, μ = 1.33  (given)

Therefore,
                            β' = βμ 

i.e.,                      β' = 2.01.33 = 1.5 mm.

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